Suchprofil: Gender_wage_gap Durchsuchter Fertigstellungsmonat: 07/17 Sortierung: 1. SSCI-JOURNALS 2. SONSTIGE REFERIERTE ZEITSCHRIFTEN 3. SONSTIGE ZEITSCHRIFTEN 4. ARBEITSPAPIERE/DISCUSSION PAPER 5. MONOGRAPHISCHE LITERATUR 6. BEITRÄGE ZU SAMMELWERKEN **************** 1. SSCI-JOURNALS **************** %0 Journal Article %J Social Politics %V 24 %N 2 %F Z 1927 %A Cukrowska-Torzewska, Ewa %T Cross-country evidence on motherhood employment and wage gaps : the role of work-family policies and their interaction %D 2017 %P S. 178-220 %G en %# A 2003; E 2012 %@ ISSN 1072-4745 %R 10.1093/sp/jxx004 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx004 %X "This article investigates the effects of work - family policies on motherhood employment and wage gaps. We study twenty-eight European countries, including Central and Eastern European countries. We show that unless the leave period is exceptionally long, enhanced childcare and leave policies help women combine family responsibilities with paid work. The positive effect of leaves is, however, much weaker in countries where childcare is limited. In these countries, improving access to childcare is therefore a more efficient policy than offering extended leaves. Because extended leaves encourage women to stay outside of the labor market, they are found to lead to wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K Mütter %K Frauenerwerbstätigkeit %K Lohnunterschied %K Beruf und Familie %K Familienpolitik - internationaler Vergleich %K Elternzeit - Dauer %K berufliche Reintegration %K Einkommenseffekte %K Erwerbsbeteiligung %K Europäische Union %K Belgien %K Bulgarien %K Dänemark %K Bundesrepublik Deutschland %K Estland %K Finnland %K Frankreich %K Griechenland %K Irland %K Italien %K Lettland %K Litauen %K Luxemburg %K Malta %K Niederlande %K Österreich %K Polen %K Portugal %K Rumänien %K Schweden %K Slowakei %K Slowenien %K Spanien %K Tschechische Republik %K Ungarn %K Großbritannien %K Zypern %K Kroatien %Z Typ: 1. SSCI-Journals %Z fertig: 2017-07-26 %M k170711v02 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Journal Article %J International Journal of Manpower %N online first %F X 267 %A Georgiadis, Thomas %A Christopoulos, George %T Gender inequalities in labour market outcomes : evidence for Greek regions before and throughout the crisis %D 2017 %P 43 S. %G en %# A 2005; E 2015 %@ ISSN 0143-7720 %R 10.1108/IJM-11-2015-0198 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2015-0198 %X "Purpose This paper focuses on the investigation of gender inequalities in the labour market at the regional level in Greece throughout the years preceding and following the crisis. Design/methodology/approach Utilising micro data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) dataset from 2005 up to the most recent available, we construct the Total Earnings Gap Index (TEG), a composite index at the individual level which incorporates gender differentials in aspects related to: a) employment; b) work intensity; and c) earnings. This approach is further complemented by the results of the econometric analysis (a probit model for the probability of being in employment and a Heckman selection model for the determinants of hourly pay and hours worked), which portray the impact of gender on a set of labour-related characteristics. Findings The findings of our analysis indicate a widespread reduction of the gender gap, however this appears to be mainly the result of a sharper fall in employment among men, hence pointing towards a 'race to the bottom' process which presents few - if any- signs of an increase of women's economic independence. The emerging picture points towards a trend of regional convergence in gender gaps, while also highlighting that similar gender equality outcomes are, in certain cases, shaped by radically different dynamics. Originality/value This paper uses an innovative composite index which provides a multi-dimensional depiction of gender inequality in the Greek labour market. This index has been introduced by Eurostat and has been applied at the country level, with this paper being the first - to the authors' knowledge- to apply it at the regional level. Additionally, by examining years before and throughout the crisis the present analysis adopts a dynamic perspective, offering valuable insight into the seismic shifts that Greece's labour market structure has undergone during this period." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en)) %K Männer %K Frauen %K Lohnunterschied %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsmarkt %K erwerbstätige Frauen %K erwerbstätige Männer %K Erwerbsbeteiligung %K regionaler Vergleich %K Ungleichheit %K Wirtschaftskrise - Auswirkungen %K Frauenerwerbstätigkeit %K Arbeitszeit %K Konvergenz %K Griechenland %K R23 %K J71 %K J31 %K J16 %K B54 %Z Typ: 1. SSCI-Journals %Z fertig: 2017-07-21 %M k170710v10 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Journal Article %J Regional Science and Urban Economics %V 63 %N March %F Z 1057 %A Lemons, Sara %T Mind the gap: A detailed picture of the immigrant-native earnings gap in the UK using longitudinal data between 1978 and 2006 %D 2017 %P S. 57-75 %G en %# A 1978; E 2006 %@ ISSN 0166-0462 %R 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.11.001 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.11.001 %X "Using the underexplored, sizeable and long Lifetime Labour Market Database (LLMDB), we estimated the immigrant-native earnings gap across the entire earnings distribution, across continents of nationality, across cohorts of arrival, across years and across regions in the UK between 1978 and 2006. We exploited the longitudinal nature of our data to separate the effect of observed and unobserved individual characteristics on earnings. In keeping with the limited existing UK literature, we found a clear and wide dividing line between whites and non-whites in simple comparable models. However, in our more complete models, when we accounted for unobservable individual characteristics - an important contribution of this paper - we found a much narrower and subtler dividing line. This suggests that the labour market primarily rewards individual characteristics other than immigration status. This, in turn, facilitates the assimilation of immigrants into the UK labour market. We also found that the lowest paid immigrants, whom are disproportionately non-white, suffer an earnings penalty in the labour market, whereas higher paid immigrants, whom are disproportionately white, do not. Finally, we found less favourable earning gaps for cohorts that witnessed proportionately larger non-white and lower paid white immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K Einkommensunterschied %K Inländer %K Ausländer %K ausländische Arbeitnehmer %K Einwanderer %K Migranten %K Migrationshintergrund %K Aufenthaltsdauer %K Weiße %K Farbige %K Lohnhöhe - Determinanten %K Assimilation %K Einkommensverteilung %K regionale Faktoren %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K Niedriglohnbereich %K Lohndiskriminierung %K Großbritannien %K J24 %K J31 %K J61 %K J71 %K J82 %K F22 %Z Typ: 1. SSCI-Journals %Z fertig: 2017-07-03 %M k170613v08 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Labor Research %V 38 %N 2 %F Z 2012 %A Nagore García, Amparo %T Gender differences in unemployment dynamics and initial wages over the business cycle %D 2017 %P S. 228-260 %G en %# A 2002; E 2013 %@ ISSN 0195-3613 %R 10.1007/s12122-017-9244-9 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-017-9244-9 %X "Using administrative data from Spanish Social Security for the period 2002 - 2013, we explore differences between unemployed men and women in: their probabilities to find a job, their initial wages if they find a new job, and the likelihood to fall back into unemployment. We estimate bivariate proportional hazard models for unemployment duration and for the consecutive job duration for men and women separately, and decompose the gender gap using a non-linear Oaxaca decomposition. Gender differentials in labour market outcomes are procyclical, probably due to the procyclical nature of typically male occupations. While a higher level of education protects women in particular from unemployment, having children hampers women's employment and initial wages after unemployment. There are lower gender gaps in the public sector and in high technology- firms. Decompositions show that the gender gaps are not explained by differences in sample composition. Indeed, if women had similar characteristics to men, the gender gap would be even wider." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en)) %K arbeitslose Frauen %K arbeitslose Männer %K Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer %K berufliche Reintegration %K Lohnhöhe %K Konjunkturabhängigkeit %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K Lohnunterschied %K Beschäftigungsdauer %K Spanien %K J64 %K J62 %K C41 %K E32 %Z Typ: 1. SSCI-Journals %Z fertig: 2017-07-10 %M k170626v05 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Journal Article %J International Journal of Manpower %N online first %F X 267 %A Perez-Villadoniga, Maria J. %A Rodriguez-Alvarez, Ana %T Comparing the gender gap in gross and base wages %D 2017 %P 23 S. %G en %# A 2010; E 2010 %@ ISSN 0143-7720 %R 10.1108/IJM-10-2015-0162 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2015-0162 %X "Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender wage gap not only in gross wages, but also focusing on a specific salary component, the base wage, which is determined by collective bargaining for each occupational category Design/methodology/approach We estimate a wage frontier to analyze the difference between workers' observed wages and their potential wage, given human capital endowments, as well as firm characteristics. Next, we examine the distance to the frontier as a function of workers' gender, in order to test whether women fail to achieve potential wages to any great extent. To do so, we use data from the 2010 Spanish Structure of Earnings Survey Findings While men nearly achieve their potential base wage, females are systematically and significantly below the wage frontier (93% on average). In other words, even when we limit the analysis to the base wage, we still find a significant wage differential between men and women. A detailed analysis of this result points to the existence of occupational segregation in the labour market. Within each occupational category, females tend to be concentrated in the lower ranking jobs, which entail lower wages. This result is consistent with the existence of a sticky floors phenomenon. Originality/value We contribute to the literature on gender discrimination that focuses on specific wage components. As far as we know, to date this is the first analysis to focus on a component that responds more to the characteristics of the job rather than to those of the worker." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en)) %K Bruttolohn %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K Tariflohn %K Berufsgruppe %K erwerbstätige Frauen %K erwerbstätige Männer %K Lohndiskriminierung %K Lohnunterschied %K Spanien %Z Typ: 1. SSCI-Journals %Z fertig: 2017-07-21 %M k170710v11 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Journal Article %J Social science research %V 66 %N August %F X 269 %A Smith, Michael R. %A Waite, Sean %A Durand, Claire %T Gender differences in the earnings produced by a middle range education : The case of Canadian 'colleges' %D 2017 %P S. 140-153 %G en %# A 1988; E 2013 %@ ISSN 0049-089X %R 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.03.003 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.03.003 %X "In this paper we use data on consecutive cohorts of recent graduates from community colleges or community college-like institutions to address the following questions about the gender earnings gap: i) What was the trend in the gender earnings gap for these recent graduates? ii) What role in the observed trends in the gender earnings gap was played by occupational demand? iii) How and to what extent did the domestic division of labour contribute to the gender earnings gap in this young sample? We find that the gap fell then rose, that occupational demand played a role in these shifts, and that the domestic division of labour did indeed contribute to the gap in this young sample. Furthermore, our results point to a process of cumulation of factors that increase the earnings gap which has both substantive and methodological implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K mittlere Qualifikation %K Bildungsertrag %K Lohnunterschied %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K erwerbstätige Frauen %K erwerbstätige Männer %K College %K Arbeitsteilung %K Hausarbeit %K junge Erwachsene %K Fachoberschule %K Absolventen %K Kanada %Z Typ: 1. SSCI-Journals %Z fertig: 2017-07-28 %M k170713v08 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek ********************************** 4. ARBEITSPAPIERE/DISCUSSION PAPER ********************************** %0 Book %1 OECD, Economics Department (Hrsg.) %A André, Christophe %A Bourrousse, Hugo %T Fighting gender inequality in Sweden %D 2017 %P 31 S. %C Paris %G en %B OECD Economics Department working papers : 1395 %@ ISSN 1815-1973 %R 10.1787/37b4d789-en %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/37b4d789-en %X "Sweden ranks among the best OECD countries in terms of gender equality. Women have a high employment rate, outperform men in education and are well represented in government and parliament. Nevertheless, without further policy measures, achieving parity is still a distant prospect in several areas. Wage differences between genders persist; women are under-represented on private company boards, in senior management positions, in many well-paid and influential professions and among entrepreneurs. Hence, there is scope to make further progress on gender equality. The share of the parental leave reserved for each parent should be increased further, as inequality in leave-taking and long parental leaves harm women's career prospects. Fighting stereotypes in education is necessary to improve women's access to professions where they are under-represented. Government programmes need to promote women's entrepreneurship further. Special attention should also be paid to the integration of foreign-born women, whose employment rate is much lower than for their male counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K Gleichstellungspolitik %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K Frauen %K Männer %K Lohnunterschied %K Führungskräfte %K Geschlechterverteilung %K Gleichstellung %K Familienpolitik %K Elternzeit %K Bildungspolitik %K Unternehmensgründung - Förderung %K ausländische Frauen %K berufliche Integration %K Diskriminierung %K Beruf und Familie %K Stereotyp %K geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsmarkt %K Frauenerwerbstätigkeit %K Erwerbsquote %K Schweden %K A14 %K D63 %K G30 %K I24 %K J15 %K J16 %K J78 %Z Typ: 4. Arbeitspapiere/Discussion Paper %Z fertig: 2017-07-12 %M k170627r17 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Edited Book %A Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, Bereich Arbeitsmarktpolitik (Hrsg.) %T Sachgrundlose Befristungen - ein Massenphänomen %D 2017 %P 10 S. %9 Stand: Juni 2017 %C Berlin %G de %S Arbeitsmarkt aktuell : 2017,03 %U http://www.dgb.de/themen/++co++a93d67e8-45fe-11e7-b5e5-525400e5a74a %X "Befristete Beschäftigungen nehmen immer mehr zu. Inzwischen haben 3,2 Mio. Menschen nur ein befristetes Arbeitsverhältnis. Bei Männern sind 38 Prozent aller neu abgeschlossenen Arbeitsverträge befristet, bei Frauen sind es sogar 47 Prozent. Vor allem junge Menschen sind betroffen. Befristungen schaffen nicht nur berufliche Unsicherheiten, sondern sind oft auch mit deutlichen Lohneinbußen verbunden. Dabei nutzen die Arbeitgeber großzügige gesetzliche Regelungen. Bis zu zwei Jahre können Arbeitsverhältnisse ohne einen Sachgrund befristet werden. Was ursprünglich als Mittel zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit gedacht war, ist inzwischen zu einem Massenphänomen geworden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) %K befristeter Arbeitsvertrag %K Beschäftigungsentwicklung %K Arbeitsrecht %K Beschäftigungsförderungsgesetz %K Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung %K Teilzeit- und Befristungsgesetz %K EU-Richtlinie %K regionaler Vergleich %K Bundesländer %K Geschlechterverteilung %K Lohnunterschied %K Gewerkschaftspolitik %K Bundesrepublik Deutschland %Z Typ: 4. Arbeitspapiere/Discussion Paper %Z fertig: 2017-07-03 %M k170616r15 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Book %1 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (Hrsg.) %A Gallen, Yana %A Lesner, Rune V. %A Vejlin, Rune %T The labor market gender gap in Denmark : sorting out the past 30 years %D 2017 %P 37 S. %C Bonn %G en %# A 1980; E 2010 %B IZA discussion paper : 10789 %U http://doku.iab.de/externe/2017/k170613r06.pdf %X "We document the declining gap between the average earnings of women and men in Denmark from 1980 to 2010. The decline in the earnings gap is driven by increased labor force participation and increases in hours worked by women, and to a smaller extent by a decline in the gender wage gap. The gap has declined least among higher earning women - the average wage of the top 10 percent of female earners is 28-33% lower than the average wage of the top 10 percent of male earners. Women are becoming more educated and are a larger share of the professional labor force than in previous decades, but a substantial wage gap of about 10 percent remains for the youngest cohorts even after controlling for age, education, experience, occupation, and firm choice. Unlike the case of the US, differences in educational attainment, occupational choice, industry, and experience explained about 15 percentage points of the Danish wage gap in 1980, but now these factors explain only about 6 percentage points of the Danish wage gap. In fact, though variation in the wage gap across occupations is substantial, this variation is not correlated with the fraction of the occupation which is female. The data show a great deal of sorting and segregation across industries, occupations, and even firms. However, this sorting does not explain more than half of the wage gap. We conclude that a great deal of the remaining disparity between the wages of women and men is tied to the differential effects of parenthood by gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K Einkommensunterschied %K Erwerbstätigkeit %K erwerbstätige Frauen %K Arbeitsmarktentwicklung %K Frauen %K Erwerbsbeteiligung %K Familienpolitik %K Frauenförderung %K Bildungsbeteiligung %K berufliche Reintegration %K Mütter %K individuelle Arbeitszeit %K Lohndiskriminierung %K Arbeitgeber %K Konvergenz %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsmarkt %K Frauenerwerbstätigkeit %K Dänemark %K J71 %K J31 %Z Typ: 4. Arbeitspapiere/Discussion Paper %Z fertig: 2017-07-03 %M k170613r06 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Book %1 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (Hrsg.) %A Hammar, Olle %A Waldenström, Daniel %T Global earnings inequality, 1970-2015 %D 2017 %P 72 S. %C Bonn %G en %# A 1970; E 2015 %B IZA discussion paper : 10762 %U http://doku.iab.de/externe/2017/k170612r06.pdf %X "We estimate trends in global earnings dispersion across occupational groups using a new database covering 66 developed and developing countries between 1970 and 2015. Our main finding is that global earnings inequality has declined, primarily during the 2000s, when the global Gini coefficient dropped nearly 10 points and the earnings share of the world's poorest half doubled. Decomposition analyses emphasize the role of income convergence between poor and rich countries and that earnings have become more similar within occupations in traded industries. Sensitivity checks show that the results are robust to varying real exchange rates, inequality measures and population definitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K soziale Ungleichheit %K Lohnunterschied %K Einkommensunterschied %K Einkommensentwicklung %K Arbeitszeitentwicklung %K Steuerbelastung %K Gütermarkt %K Preisentwicklung %K Berufsstatistik %K regionale Disparität %K Geschlechterverteilung %K Ungleichheit %K Welt %K Entwicklungsländer %K Industrieländer %K D31 %K F01 %K O15 %Z Typ: 4. Arbeitspapiere/Discussion Paper %Z fertig: 2017-07-03 %M k170612r06 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Book %1 National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge (Hrsg.) %A Kahn, Shulamit %A Ginther, Donna %T Women and STEM %D 2017 %P 42 S. %C Cambrige, Mass. %G en %B NBER working paper : 23525 %R 10.3386/w23525: %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23525: %X "Researchers from economics, sociology, psychology, and other disciplines have studied the persistent under-representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This chapter summarizes this research. We argue that women's under-representation is concentrated in the math-intensive science fields of geosciences, engineering, economics, math/ computer science and physical science. Our analysis concentrates on the environmental factors that influence ability, preferences, and the rewards for those choices. We examine how gendered stereotypes, culture, role models, competition, risk aversion, and interests contribute to gender STEM gap, starting at childhood, solidifying by middle school, and affecting women and men as they progress through school, higher education, and into the labor market. Our results are consistent with preferences and psychological explanations for the under-representation of women in math-intensive STEM fields." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K Frauen %K MINT-Berufe %K Berufswahl %K Berufswahlmotiv %K Stereotyp %K soziokulturelle Faktoren %K Geschlechterrolle %K Geschlechterverteilung %K Mathematikunterricht %K Schulleistung %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K Jungen %K Mädchen %K allgemeinbildendes Schulwesen %K Selbsteinschätzung %K Leistungsbewertung %K Lehrer %K Vorurteil %K Wettbewerbsfähigkeit %K Berufsinteresse %K Lohnunterschied %K USA %K I24 %K J16 %K J24 %K J3 %Z Typ: 4. Arbeitspapiere/Discussion Paper %Z fertig: 2017-07-12 %M k170626r14 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek %0 Book %1 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (Hrsg.) %A Kunze, Astrid %T The gender wage gap in developed countries %D 2017 %P 40 S. %C Bonn %G en %# A 1970; E 2015 %B IZA discussion paper : 10826 %U http://doku.iab.de/externe/2017/k170626r04.pdf %X "Despite the increased attachment of women to the labour force in nearly all developed countries, a stubborn gender pay gap remains. This chapter provides a review of the economics literature on the gender wage gap, with an emphasis on developed countries. We begin with an overview of the trends in the gender differences in wages and employment rates. We then review methods used to decompose the gender wage gap and the results from such decompositions. We discuss how trends and differences in the gender wage gap across countries can be understood in light of non-random selection and human capital differences. We then review the evidence on demand-side factors used to explain the existing gender wage gap and then discuss occupational segregation. The chapter concludes with suggestions for further research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K Lohnunterschied - Ursache %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K erwerbstätige Frauen %K erwerbstätige Männer %K Lohndiskriminierung %K Erwerbsquote %K Lohnunterschied - internationaler Vergleich %K Humankapital %K geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsmarkt %K Konvergenz %K Berufsgruppe %K Industrieländer %K OECD %K J16 %K J24 %K J31 %K J71 %Z Typ: 4. Arbeitspapiere/Discussion Paper %Z fertig: 2017-07-12 %M k170626r04 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek *************************** 5. MONOGRAPHISCHE LITERATUR *************************** %0 Edited Book %A International Labour Office (Hrsg.) %T World employment and social outlook : trends for women 2017 %D 2017 %P 63 S. %C Genf %G en %# A 1997; E 2025 %S World employment and social outlook. Trends %@ ISBN 978-92-2-130-834-8 %U http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_557245.pdf %X "This report examines the global and regional labour market trends and gaps, including in labour force participation rates, unemployment rates, employment status as well as sectoral and occupational segregation. It also presents a global in-depth analysis of the key drivers of female labour force participation by investigating the personal preferences of women and the societal gender norms and socio-economic constraints that women face. A key finding of this report is that closing these labour market gaps would yield significant economic benefits in terms of GDP growth while at the same time improving individual welfare in multiple dimensions. However, the report finds that there are significant socio-economic and gender norm constraints influencing a woman's decision to participate. Accordingly, the report introduces a comprehensive framework to address the drivers of these gender gaps and outlines a series of policy recommendations to improve the labour market outcomes of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) %K Frauen - internationaler Vergleich %K Beschäftigungsentwicklung %K Arbeitslosigkeitsentwicklung %K Lohnunterschied %K Erwerbsbeteiligung %K Arbeitsmarktchancen %K kulturelle Faktoren %K Geschlechterrolle %K geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsmarkt %K sozioökonomische Faktoren %K Gleichstellungspolitik %K Arbeitsmarktpolitik %K Teilzeitarbeit %K soziale Normen %K Frauenerwerbstätigkeit %K geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren %K Männer %K Welt %K Europäische Union %K Industrieländer %K Entwicklungsländer %K Schwellenländer %Z Typ: 5. monographische Literatur %Z fertig: 2017-07-28 %M k170616r18 %~ LitDokAB %W IAB, SB Dokumentation und Bibliothek 13 von 636 Datensätzen ausgegeben.